JEIM

The concept of “National Innovation Systems (NIS)”, which purports to maintain innovation and technology production in a systematic way, has emerged in 1990’s, leading the developed countries having the necessary infrastructure to systematically establish and maintain NIS. Today, NIS has become a model for countries intending to achieve a competitive and sustainable development. Hence the developing countries are in a struggle of establishing a peculiar innovation system. Turkey aiming to become a developed country should compose a NIS peculiar to itself. Previous researches show that Turkey has the infrastructure and organizations necessary for establishing a NIS. The only thing needed for the establishment of a NIS in Turkey is the systematic work flow, under the coordination of a single institution. In this paper a comprehensive literature research has been investigated for enabling full comprehension of NIS and a model, which may be suitable for Turkey, has been proposed.

Keywords: Innovation, National Innovation Systems, Elements of NIS, Universities, R&D Institutions.
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Innovation which has significant importance on development of countries is one of the foremost subjects that countries’ concern about. Innovation contributes to economic development via improving productivity level of physical and human capital, labor force and improvement of intellectual property rights. It is proved in most study that there is a positive correlation between economic development and innovation. In the literature countries that are at the top stage of development are called innovation-driven, countries that are at the lowermost stage of development are called factor-driven and the rest of the countries are called investment/productivity driven countries. In the study countries such as Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Germany are specified as innovation-driven economies; Turkey, Romania and Croatia are specified investment/ productivity-driven countries. Relation between innovation and economic development is analyzed within the frame of explainer approaches and indicators for the European Union countries and Turkey.

Keywords: Innovation, Development, Turkey, European Union.
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This research provides a meta-analysis of marketing, management and new product studies that have empirically examined the relationships of innovation with either antecedents (e.g., customer orientation) and/or outcomes (new product performance). This study extends previous meta-analytic works by drawing upon 70 independent samples from 64 studies (published from 1970-2006) with a total sample size of 12921. The goals are to derive generalizations from the marketing, management and new product literatures. The overall objective is to propose a synthesized model that permits evaluation of key mediators. Using structural equation modeling techniques, this study explores a ‘theory-driven’ model that includes customer orientation, competitor orientation, organizational structure, technological turbulence, market turbulence, innovation, and new product performance.

Keywords: Innovation, new product development, meta-Analysis, Structural Equation Modeling, resource-based view
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Researches on the general features of the entrepreneurs in different sectors and on their problems in their initiatives will serve as guides in the drafting of the policies on the subject matter and in the future and present successes of other entrepreneurship moves and initiatives. To this end, this study seeks to offer a profile of the entrepreneurs active in the metal industry based in the Eskişehir Organized Industrial Zone and identify their views on the factors that they rely on in their initiatives.

Keywords: Entrepreneurships, Entrepreneurships’ profile, Eskişehir Organized Zone.
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